Mansfield Park e. Jane Austen

Discuss Mansfield Park in your book club, and your friends, like most readers, will tend to differ over a variety of points. The most typical one is this: Is the heroine, Fanny Price, a model of moral integrity, or a self-righteous prude? Is the marriage that ends the story (and Austen's stories always end with a marriage) between the right two people? And what's up with that part about the play?

The story begins when nine-year-old Fanny Price is taken from the home of her impoverished parents and moved to the estate of Mansfield Park to be brought up by rich relatives. This is no clear-cut Cinderella story, however. Although there are a couple of mildly wicked stepsisters (Fanny's cousins Maria and Julia) and a stand-in for a wicked stepmother in the form of her Aunt Norris, teenaged Fanny's central nemesis—and rival in love--is the saucy, sassy anti-heroine Mary Crawford.

The object of both Fanny's and Mary's affections is Fanny's cousin Edmund (I know, I know, but in Jane Austen's day one could marry one's cousin without anyone batting an eyelid). Edmund loves Fanny like a cousin, but he is in love with Mary.

Did you ever feel jealous of someone, and at the same time also felt you didn't have the right to be jealous? Fanny, being in an inferior position in the Mansfield Park family and unloved by her birth parents, has deeply rooted self-esteem issues. Mary, on the other hand, walks through life with a serious sense of entitlement. Shouldn't that be enough to put us squarely in the pro-Fanny camp?

Perhaps, but Fanny challenges us at every turn. For example, there is the famous section of the book in which Fanny disapproves of and refuses to participate in a play that her cousins and neighbors are putting on at home for their own amusement. For this part of the story to make the least bit of sense to a modern reader, one needs to understand that this particular choice of home theatricals would be the modern equivalent of a group of teenagers voting to have a wild, high-risk party in their strict parent's house while said parent was out of town.

Despite Fanny's balking at participating in said wild party, we cannot quite dismiss her as a buzz-killing Miss Perfect. After all, she is eaten up with jealousy for a great deal of the book, and as we all know, jealousy is not a pretty emotion. She is also not one to obey those in authority at all costs. In fact, she stands up to the biggest authority figure in her life by refusing to do what she knows in her heart would be wrong, and I'm not talking about acting in a play. (I'll say no more, lest I spoil the book for those who've yet to read it.)

If you've ever had an opinion that your friends considered uncool, and you stuck to it despite ridicule and pressure, you'll find a kindred spirit in Fanny Price, and you'll want her reward to be the man she loves. However, if you're still doing shots with your inner bad girl, you'll be rooting for Mary Crawford to win the object of her, and Fanny's, affections. (By the way, Austen scholar Emily Auerbach pointed out at one of the Jane Austen Society of North America's annual meetings, that several of Mary Crawford's lines of dialogue are astonishingly similar to lines from Jane Austen's own letters.)

To make things more interesting, some readers will want Fanny to be won by Mary's rakish, heartbreaker brother, Henry Crawford, who finds himself unaccountably in love for the first time in his life. Henry doesn't seem to stand a chance with Fanny, who is not only in love with another man, but also has watched in contempt and pity while Henry toyed with Fanny's cousins, the above-mentioned Maria and Julia. It's one big love triangle. Or square. Or heptagon.

Could there possibly be a better Austen novel for book clubs to chew on? And I haven't even touched on the theories about Mansfield Park's antislavery subtext.

In Mansfield Park, Jane Austen is clearly at the height of her storytelling mastery, deftly playing with reader loyalties and expectations while serving up the delicious social satire and suspenseful plotting that keep us coming back for more.

 

Book Review:

Mansfield Park by Jane Austen

“Mansfield Park” is the most condensed and complex novel ever written by Jane Austen, and is her first novel that was conceived, written, and published at her mature years. Even though it lacks in the playful ironic humor which is so characteristic of Austen’s other novels, it is the novel that most clearly shows another aspect of the writer: her philosophical anxieties, her social concern, and her mature feminism.

 

Austen seems fearful of the impact change and progress has on traditional life including its morals, beliefs, and behavior. As a result her themes revolve around change, the battle between good and evil, character, dependency, and independence. The subtle battle between good and evil is one between the moral forces of the serene Mansfield Park, and the amoral intruders whose “London values” pose a threat to the traditional ways of Mansfield.

 

There is a great question, which seems to preoccupy Austen in writing “Mansfield Park”. Is character formed in relation to environment and opportunity? Or is character the innate tendencies to be “good” or “evil”, “moral” or “amoral”, “quiet” or “loud”. Most importantly, how far can one change by adapting to one’s environment. The example of Fanny Price displays the difficulty in finding definite answers to such questions.

 

Fanny first appears as the poor relation from Portsmouth and is small, awkward, and shy. The absence of family identity makes Fanny a displaced person: she feels homesick wherever she is. When at Mansfield she longs for Portsmouth, and when she finally returns to Portsmouth at eighteen she discovers that Mansfield is where she belongs. She returns to find Mansfield shattered by scandal and disgrace, and to be placed at the center of what has remained of the Bertram family.

 

What is striking and confusing is how the pious Fanny manages to be perfectly happy when surrounded by the misery of those close to her, while she was miserable when these same people were happily enjoying their lives. Isn’t Austen thus questioning “goodness” or at least the saintliness in Fanny’s character? The novel poses several such disturbing questions, which challenge values like tradition and stability, which it appears to praise.

 

Austen doesn’t present all change as negative, but merely states that for change to be positive it must be “natural”. Fanny, the pillar of goodness and morality clearly expresses this idea: “How wonderful, how very wonderful the operations of time and the changes of the human mind”. Fanny’s philosophical ideas are an indication of her intellectual advancement, which was made possible by the opportunities she now had at Mansfield Park. Thus Austen also expresses her views on the importance of environment in shaping or even changing one’s character. However, the concept of innate individuality does not escape Austen: “when one thinks of it, how astonishing a variety of nature”. Isn’t this symbolic of the variety in the human species? One solid example is how radically different Fanny is from Mary.

 

Austen is also perplexed with how some people can deviate from the most basic rules of creation: “plants differing in the rule and law of their existence”. Isn’t this a reflection on the amorality of some young aristocrats? However, as “amorality” is presented as “not natural” it cannot be eternally present in the soul of a human being. Doesn’t Henry Crawford repent? Doesn’t he show a need to be good? Even at the height of his amoral state of mind he would reflect “with something of a consciousness” when reminded of his wrongdoing. At the very least he shows signs of wanting to reform himself, even if he is too weak to do so.

 

The clash between good and evil is eloquently symbolized in the temptation the amoral Maria poses for the moral Edmund who is to be a clergyman. This is the most beautiful, allegorical scene in the novel. The “wilderness’ of Sotherton is a “natural artificial” labyrinth made of plants and trees. The tempting of Edmund reminds the reader of the tempting of Adam in the Garden of Eden, which is a comparison Austen would probably find desirable. As Edmund remarks “we have taken a very serpentine course”, which is an indication of how Edmund will be tempted to lose sight of his morality.

 

Mary’s tempting of Edmund can be interpreted in mythical terms. In trying to take him away from his moral values and beliefs, and his calling in life, Mary’s first weapon is flattery: “you really are fit for something better”. Isn’t flattery the Devil’s first weapon?

 

This good v. evil battle is a subtle confrontation; a battle disguised behind the mask of flirting or “love”. Austen’s obsession with disguise and hypocrisy, which is also one of Shakespeare’s favorite themes, is also expressed through her negative presentation of the “theatricals”, which are presented as sinister and corrupting.

 

In “Mansfield Park” Austen also proves herself to be a truly feminist writer. Few male characters in her novels are attractive, intelligent, and in command. It might be hard to see how an introverted, shy, enduring character like Fanny Price could be seen as a feminist figure, but Fanny is indeed a silent hero. When she refuses to marry the rich Henry Crawford she is accused of being stubborn, selfish, and ungrateful. Fanny is, of course, merely trying to be true to herself. However, there is an irritating lack of flexibility in her character: once she forms an opinion, it’s impossible to change her mind (although she is always right in her opinions). Even the good-natured Edmund is not Fanny’s equal. He can be too easily tempted by female charms, whereas Fanny stands firm, upholding her beliefs and her morality.

 

The ending of the novel presents the outcome of the battle between good and evil, the consequences of the great crisis. While Austen presents evil masked in beauty throughout her novel, her ending proves that good can indeed be masked in evil, as a result of certain outside factors. Good did in fact win over evil, but what was the consequence? What is the consequence when the masks finally fall?